The Role of 2,3-Diphophoglycerate

The Role of 2,3-Diphophoglycerate      The major function of the hemoglobin molecule is the transport of oxygen to the tissues. The oxygen affinity of the hemoglobin molecule is associated with the spatial rearrangement of the molecule and is regulated by the concentration of phosphates, particularly 2,3-DPG...

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Alterations in Myeloid:Erythroid Ratio

           The M:E ratio is sensitive to hematologic factors that may impair red blood cell life span, inhibit overall production, or cause dramatic increases in a particular cell line. Each of these conditions reflects bone marrow dynamics through alterations of the M:E ratio. Many observations...

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Bone Marrow & Myeloid:Erythroid Ratio

           The bone marrow is one of the largest organs of the body, encompassing 3% to 6% of body weight and weighing 1500 g in an adult. It is hard to conceptualize the bone marrow as an organ because it is not a solid organ that one can touch, measure, or weigh easily. Because bone marrow tissue...

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Iron Distribution

Iron-containing compounds in the body are one of two types: Functional compounds that serve in metabolic (hemoglobin, myoglobin, iron-responsive element-binding protein) or enzymatic (cytochromes, cytochrome oxygenase, catalase, peroxidase) functions Compounds that serve as transport (transferrin, transferrin receptor) or storage forms...

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Erythrocyte

Erythrocyte (Mature Erythrocyte) Bone marrow : 0 % Peripheral blood : Predominant cell type Size : 7-8 μm No nucleus No nucleoli No chromatin  No N/C ratio  Cytoplasm: Salmon with central pallor of about one-third of the diameter of the cell NOTE: The mature erythrocyte has lost the blue-gray color and is salmon colored...

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Multiple Myeloma

     Multiple myeloma (myelomatosis) is a neoplastic disease characterized by plasma cell  accumulation in the bone marrow, the presence of monoclonal protein in the serum and/or urine and, in symptomatic patients, related tissue damage. Download Multiple Myeloma lecture (ppt) ...

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Reticulocyte

Reticulocyte ( Polychromatic Erythrocyte / Diffusely Basophilic Erythrocyte ) Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"جدول عادي"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; ...

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Orthochromic Normoblast

Orthochromic Normoblast ( Orthochromic Erythroblast / Metarubricyte ) Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 1 - 4% of nucleated cells in BM Peripheral blood: 0 % Size = 10 -15 μm Low N/C ratio (1:2) Round nucleus No nucleoli Fully condensed chromatin  Cytoplasm:...

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Polychromatophilic Normoblast

Polychromatophilic Normoblast ( Polychromatic Normoblast / Polychromatic Erythroblast / Rubricyte ) Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"جدول عادي"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; ...

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Basophilic Normoblast

Basophilic Normoblast (Basophilic Erythroblast / Prorubricyte) Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"جدول عادي"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; ...

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Pronormoblast

Pronormoblast (also known as Proerythroblast / Rubriblast) is the first microscopically recognizable cell in erythrocyte lineage. /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"جدول عادي"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm...

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Glycosylated Hemoglobin

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Structure of Hemoglobin

     Hemoglobin is the life-giving substance of every red blood cell, the oxygen-carrying component of the red blood cell. Each red blood cell is nothing more than a fluid-filled sac, with the fluid being hemoglobin. Every organ in the human body depends on oxygenation for growth and function, and this process is ultimately...

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Morphologic Characteristics of Erythroid Precursors

Pronormoblast (rubriblast): 1% of Nucleated Cells in BM. Size = 20-25 μm. High N/C ratio (8:1) 1-3 faint nucleoli  Lacy chromatin  Basophilic normoblast (prorubricyte): 1-3% of nucleated cells in BM. Size = 16-18 μm Moderate N/C ratio (6:1) Indistinct nucleoli coarsening chromatin Polychromatophilic normoblast...

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Thymus

          The thymus is a lymphopoietic organ located in the upper part of the anterior mediastinum. It is a bilobular organ demarcated into an outer cortex and central medulla. The cortex is densely packed with small lymphocytes (thymocytes), cortical epithelial cells, and a few macrophages. The medulla is less...

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Extramedullary Hematopoiesis

           Hematopoiesis in the bone marrow is called medullary hematopoiesis or intramedullary hematopoiesis.    Blood cell production in hematopoietic tissue other than bone marrow is called extramedullary hematopoiesis.    In certain hematologic disorders when hyperplasia...

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Sites of Hematopoiesis

      Hematopoiesis/Hemopoiesis is the process by whitch blood cells are formed.  Sites of Hematopoiesis Yolk sac      From the 18th day after fertilization, the yolk sac begins hematopoiesis. The cells made here are erythrocytes & few macrophages. Aorta-gonads-mesonephros (AGM) region     ...

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Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT / aPTT / PTT) Test Procedure

Principle      Platelet-poor plasma is added to an equal volume of partial thromboplastin reagent and warmed to 37°C for an exact incubation time. Pre-warmed (37°C) calcium chloride reagent (0.025M) is added to this mixture to activate the coagulation cascade. The time required for clot formation is recorded. Clot...

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Thrombin Time (TT) Test

     TT has an important role as a screening test because it measures the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by adding excess thrombin to undiluted plasma. Because the additional clotting factors previously measured in the PT and APTT have no effect on this test, TT is generally useful for evaluating other parameters...

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